Table 1 |
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|
In vivo murine mammary morphogens |
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|
Morphogen |
Branching* |
Mode of application |
Reference |
|
|
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|
Extracellular factors |
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|
Estrogen |
↑ |
Administered |
[110] |
|
Estrogen |
↑ |
Slow-release pellet |
[111] |
|
Anti-estrogen |
↓ |
Slow-release pellet |
[112] |
|
Progesterone |
↓ |
Slow-release pellet |
[113] |
|
Parathyroid-hormone-related peptide |
↓ |
Homozygous deletion |
[114] |
|
Parathyroid-hormone-related peptide |
↓ |
Transgenic overexpression |
[115] |
|
Parathyroid hormone |
↓ |
Transgenic overexpression |
[115] |
|
Corticosterone |
↓ |
Administered |
[116] |
|
Epidermal growth factor (EGF) |
↑ |
Slow-release pellet |
[117] |
|
TGF-β1 |
↓ |
Slow-release pellet |
[118-119] |
|
TGF-β2 |
↓ |
Slow-release pellet |
[118] |
|
TGF-β3 |
↓ |
Slow-release pellet |
[118] |
|
Insulin-like growth factor 1 |
↓ |
Homozygous deletion |
[120] |
|
Growth hormone |
↑ |
Slow-release pellet |
[117] |
|
Hepatocyte growth factor |
↑ |
Transgenic overexpression |
[121] |
|
Relaxin |
↑ |
Systemically administered |
[122] |
|
Amphiregulin |
↑ |
Overexpressing transplants |
[123] |
|
Amphiregulin |
↑ |
Slow-release pellet |
[123] |
|
Hereguln-α |
↑ |
Slow-release pellet |
[124] |
|
Heregulin-β |
↑ |
Slow-release pellet |
[124] |
|
Wnt-4 |
↓ |
Homozygous deletion |
[125] |
|
Wnt-4 |
↑ |
Overexpressing transplants |
[126] |
|
C-neu |
↓ |
Transgenic overexpression |
[127] |
|
Colony-stimulating factor |
↓ |
Homozygous deletion |
[128] |
|
Eotaxin |
↓ |
Homozygous deletion |
[128] |
|
MMP-3 (stromelysin-1) |
↑ |
Transgenic overexpression |
[69-70] |
|
TIMP-1 |
↑ |
Transgenic antisense TIMP-1 |
[12] |
|
TIMP-1 |
↓ |
Slow-release pellet |
[12] |
|
Receptors |
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|
EGF receptor (EGFR) |
↓ |
Homozygous deletion |
[129] |
|
Epidermal-growth-factor receptor |
↑ |
Transgenic/dominant negative |
[130] |
|
Estrogen receptor α |
↓ |
Homozygous deletion |
[131] |
|
Progesterone receptor A (PRA) |
↑ |
Transgenic overexpression |
[132] |
|
Progresterone receptor A/B |
↓ |
Homozygous deletion |
[133] |
|
Prolactin receptor |
↓ |
Homozygous deletion |
[134] |
|
TGF-β2 receptor |
↑ |
Transgenic/dominant negative |
[135] |
|
Intracellular factors |
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|
CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β |
↓ |
Homozygous deletion |
[136-137] |
|
Gelsolin |
↓ |
Homozygous deletion |
[138] |
|
Hox6C |
↓ |
Homozygous deletion |
[139] |
|
|
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|
* ↑, augmentation of branching; ↓, inhibition of branching. MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; TGF, transforming growth factor; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase. |
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|
Fata et al. Breast Cancer Res 2004 6:1 doi:10.1186/bcr634 |
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