Table 1 |
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|
In vivo murine mammary morphogens |
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| Morphogen |
Branching* |
Mode of application |
Reference |
|
|
|||
| Extracellular factors |
|||
| Estrogen |
↑ |
Administered |
[110]
|
| Estrogen |
↑ |
Slow-release pellet |
[111]
|
| Anti-estrogen |
↓ |
Slow-release pellet |
[112]
|
| Progesterone |
↓ |
Slow-release pellet |
[113]
|
| Parathyroid-hormone-related peptide |
↓ |
Homozygous deletion |
[114]
|
| Parathyroid-hormone-related peptide |
↓ |
Transgenic overexpression |
[115]
|
| Parathyroid hormone |
↓ |
Transgenic overexpression |
[115]
|
| Corticosterone |
↓ |
Administered |
[116]
|
| Epidermal growth factor (EGF) |
↑ |
Slow-release pellet |
[117]
|
| TGF-β1 |
↓ |
Slow-release pellet |
[118-119]
|
| TGF-β2 |
↓ |
Slow-release pellet |
[118]
|
| TGF-β3 |
↓ |
Slow-release pellet |
[118]
|
| Insulin-like growth factor 1 |
↓ |
Homozygous deletion |
[120]
|
| Growth hormone |
↑ |
Slow-release pellet |
[117]
|
| Hepatocyte growth factor |
↑ |
Transgenic overexpression |
[121]
|
| Relaxin |
↑ |
Systemically administered |
[122]
|
| Amphiregulin |
↑ |
Overexpressing transplants |
[123]
|
| Amphiregulin |
↑ |
Slow-release pellet |
[123]
|
| Hereguln-α |
↑ |
Slow-release pellet |
[124]
|
| Heregulin-β |
↑ |
Slow-release pellet |
[124]
|
| Wnt-4 |
↓ |
Homozygous deletion |
[125]
|
| Wnt-4 |
↑ |
Overexpressing transplants |
[126]
|
| C-neu |
↓ |
Transgenic overexpression |
[127]
|
| Colony-stimulating factor |
↓ |
Homozygous deletion |
[128]
|
| Eotaxin |
↓ |
Homozygous deletion |
[128]
|
| MMP-3 (stromelysin-1) |
↑ |
Transgenic overexpression |
[69-70]
|
| TIMP-1 |
↑ |
Transgenic antisense TIMP-1 |
[12]
|
| TIMP-1 |
↓ |
Slow-release pellet |
[12]
|
| Receptors |
|||
| EGF receptor (EGFR) |
↓ |
Homozygous deletion |
[129]
|
| Epidermal-growth-factor receptor |
↑ |
Transgenic/dominant negative |
[130]
|
| Estrogen receptor α |
↓ |
Homozygous deletion |
[131]
|
| Progesterone receptor A (PRA) |
↑ |
Transgenic overexpression |
[132]
|
| Progresterone receptor A/B |
↓ |
Homozygous deletion |
[133]
|
| Prolactin receptor |
↓ |
Homozygous deletion |
[134]
|
| TGF-β2 receptor |
↑ |
Transgenic/dominant negative |
[135]
|
| Intracellular factors |
|||
| CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β |
↓ |
Homozygous deletion |
[136-137]
|
| Gelsolin |
↓ |
Homozygous deletion |
[138]
|
| Hox6C |
↓ |
Homozygous deletion |
[139]
|
|
|
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|
* ↑, augmentation of branching; ↓, inhibition of branching. MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; TGF, transforming growth factor; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase. |
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|
Fata et al. Breast Cancer Res 2004 6:1 doi:10.1186/bcr634 |
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