Research article
Rac1 and Rac3 isoform activation is involved in the invasive and metastatic phenotype of human breast cancer cells
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* Corresponding author: Surangani F Dharmawardhane surangi@mail.utexas.edu
1 Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology Section and The Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, University Station, Austin, TX 78712, USA
2 Cancer Biology Department, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Holcombe Blvd, Houston, TX 77030, USA
3 Universidad Central del Caribe, School of Medicine, P.O. Box 60327, Bayamon, PR 00960-6032, Puerto Rico
Breast Cancer Research 2005, 7:R965-R974 doi:10.1186/bcr1329
Published: 30 September 2005Abstract
Introduction
The metastatic progression of cancer is a direct result of the disregulation of numerous cellular signaling pathways, including those associated with adhesion, migration, and invasion. Members of the Rac family of small GTPases are known to act as regulators of actin cytoskeletal structures and strongly influence the cellular processes of integrin-mediated adhesion and migration. Even though hyperactivated Rac proteins have been shown to influence metastatic processes, these proteins have never been directly linked to metastatic progression.
Methods
To investigate a role for Rac and Cdc42 in metastatic breast cancer cell invasion and migration, relative endogenous Rac or Cdc42 activity was determined in a panel of metastatic variants of the MDA-MB-435 metastatic human breast cancer cell line using a p21-binding domain-PAK pull down assay. To investigate the migratory and invasive potential of the Rac isoforms in human breast cancer, namely Rac1 and the subsequently cloned Rac3, we stably expressed either dominant active Rac1 or dominant active Rac3 into the least metastatic cell variant. Dominant negative Rac1 or dominant negative Rac3 were stably expressed in the most metastatic cell variant. Cell lines expressing mutant Rac1 or Rac3 were analyzed using in vitro adhesion, migration and invasion assays.
Results
We show that increased activation of Rac proteins directly correlates with increasing metastatic potential in a panel of cell variants derived from a single metastatic breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-435). The same correlation could not be found with activated Cdc42. Expression of a dominant active Rac1 or a dominant active Rac3 resulted in a more invasive and motile phenotype. Moreover, expression of either dominant negative Rac1 or dominant negative Rac3 into the most metastatic cell variant resulted in decreased invasive and motile properties.
Conclusion
This study correlates endogenous Rac activity with high metastatic potential and implicates Rac in the regulation of cell migration and invasion in metastatic breast cancer cells. Taken together, these results suggest a role for both the Rac1 and Rac3 GTPases in human breast cancer progression.