Table 1 |
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|
Regulators of mammary morphogenesis and their agonists, antagonists, downstream targets and realm of influence |
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|
Regulator |
Agonists |
Antagonists |
Targets |
Effects |
|
|
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|
GH-R (st) |
GH (pit) |
IGF-1 (st) |
General |
|
|
IGF-1R (ep) |
IGF-1 (st) |
IGFBPs (st) |
Unknown |
General |
|
ER-α (st/ep) |
E1/E2 (ov) |
Amphiregulin et al. |
General |
|
|
PR-B (st?) |
ER, P (ov) |
Wnt4, RANKL |
Tertiary branching |
|
|
EGFR (st) |
Amphiregulin (ep) |
Sprouty? |
MMPs, FGFs et al. |
General |
|
Amphiregulin (ep) |
ER, ADAM17 (ep) |
HSPGs |
EGFR (st) |
General |
|
ADAM17 (ep) |
PPCs et al. |
TIMP3 (ep) |
Amphiregulin (ep) |
General |
|
MMP-14 (st) |
EGFR, PPCs et al. |
TIMPs 2–4 |
MMP-2, Coll I |
General |
|
MMP-2 (st?) |
TGF-β, ER, MMP-14 |
TIMPs 1–4 |
Coll I et al.? |
Elongation |
|
MMP-3 (st) |
Epimorphin et al. |
TGF-β, TIMPs |
Unknown |
Secondary branching |
|
FGFR2 (ep) |
FGFs (st) |
Sprouty2 (ep) |
Unknown |
TEBs |
|
ErbB2 (ep) |
Unknown |
Unknown |
Unknown |
TEBs |
|
Epimorphin (st/me) |
Metalloenzymes |
Unknown |
C/EPBβ, MMPs |
Branching |
|
TGF-β1 (ep) |
ER, MMPs, plasmin |
LAP |
TGF-βRI/II, MMPs |
Spacing |
|
CSF-1R (mφ) |
CSF-1 (ep) |
Mφ recruitment |
TEBs |
|
|
CCR3 (eos) |
Eotaxin |
Eos recruitment |
Branching |
|
|
Integrin α2β1 (ep) |
Laminins, collagens |
TEBs, ducts |
||
|
DDR1 (ep) |
Collagens |
TEBs, ducts |
||
|
|
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|
ADAM, a disintegrin and metalloproteinase; CCR, CC chemokine receptor; Coll, collagen; CSF, colony-stimulating factor; DDR, discoidin domain receptor; EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor; eos, eosinophil; ep, epithelial; E1/E2, estrone/estradiol; ER, estrogen receptor; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; FGFR, FGF receptor; GH, growth hormone; GH-R, growth hormone receptor; HSPG, heparan sulfate proteoglycan; IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor-1; IGF-1R, IGF-1 receptor; IGFBPs, IGF-binding proteins; LAP, latency-associated peptide; me, myoepithelial; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; mφ, macrophage; ov, ovarian; pit, pituitary; PPC, proprotein convertase; P, progesterone; PR, progesterone receptor; RANKL, receptor activator of nuclear factor κB (RANK) ligand; st, stromal; TEB, terminal end bud; TGF, transforming growth factor; TIMP, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases. Required sources are provided in parentheses. |
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Sternlicht Breast Cancer Research 2006 8:201 doi:10.1186/bcr1368 |
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